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Label
Name/Example
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AB
Abstract [Word Indexed]
bone density.ab.
drug abuse.ab.
Since 1975, MEDLINE has included author-written abstracts from journals whose publishers gave NLM permission for their use. These abstracts appear in the Abstract (AB) field. Approximately 51% of the documents in MEDLINE contain abstracts.
Abstracts which exceed 250 words
(or, for core cancer journals or long articles, 400 words) are truncated.
The Abstract field includes a display of number of References in an article.
AF
All Searchable Fields
whitman walker.af.
gmhc.af.
All Fields (AF) is an alias for all
of the fields which occur in the source documents, including value-added
fields such as Subject Headings. The only thing excluded from an All Fields
search are fields such as "floating subheading" or "heading word" which
are created by the loading process and do not actually appear in the record.
AU
Authors [Phrase Indexed]
rise j.au.
smith $.au.
The Author (AU) field contains up to twenty-five authors. The format for authors is last name followed by one or more initials: Smith JC or Smith J.
Enter the last name, or if it is
a common name, enter the last name and first initial. If you are
unsure of the spelling of the last name (macdonald or mcdonald), enter
one version and then scroll through the list of names to find the other.
CP
Country of Publication [Phrase Indexed]
france.cp.
united states.cp.
The Country of Publication (CP) field
contains the full name of the country in which an article was published.
EM, UP, IM, ND, LR Entry Month
[Phrase Indexed]
198701.em.
199611.em.
The Entry Month field (EM) contains
the date (Year, Month and Day) on which a record was completed by NLM.
The EM field appears in the format YYYYMMDD. If a revision to a document
has occurred, the EM field will also contain the revision date.
FS
Floating Subheading [Phrase Indexed]
et.fs.
di.fs.
Subheadings are qualifiers added to MeSH subject headings to refine their meaning. Terms such as "etiology" or "therapy", when combined with a MeSH heading, give a very precise idea of what an article covers.
The Floating Subheadings (FS) field
contains the 2-letter codes, such as "po" for poisoning. The fully
spelled out subheadings for any particular MeSH heading can be viewed using
the pull-down menu TOOLS/Subheadings.
GS
Gene Symbol [Phrase Indexed]
agr.gs.
e1a.gs.
The Gene Symbol (GS) field contains Gene Symbols as they are entered into MEDLINE in the original document.
The Gene Symbol field was added to
MEDLINE in 1991. Beginning in 1996, data will no longer be added
to this field.
GW
Gene Symbol Word [Word Indexed]
cd4.gw.
myd118.gw.
The Gene Word (GW) field contains
individual words from the Gene Symbol field.
HW, ME
Subject Heading Word [Word Indexed]
diazepam.hw.
blood.hw.
Sometimes you may wish to retrieve every MeSH subject heading that includes a particular word; this is done by searching the single word in the Subject Heading Word (HW) field.
You can also view every MeSH Subject
Heading which contains a particular word by using the pull-down menu TOOLS/Permuted
Index. This field is only searchable in the on-line version of MEDLINE.
IN
Institution [Word Indexed]
harvard.in.
case western.in.
The Institution (IN) field contains
the primary author's affiliation, which is usually the source for a reprint
of the article. This
information is available for most
documents since 1988. Beginning in 1996, the primary author's email
address will also be included, if present in the journal.
IP
Issue/Part [Word Indexed]
"3".ip.
"45".ip.
The Issue/part field (IP) contains
the Issue and/or part for a particular volume of a journal. The IP
field usually displays as part
of the Source (SO) field.
IS
ISSN/ISBN Number [Phrase Indexed]
0098 7484.is.
8756 8519.is.
The ISSN (IS) field contains the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) for the journal in which an article was published. It appears as an 8 digit number, separated by a hyphen: 0028-4793.
JC
NLM Journal Code [Phrase Indexed]
kfr.jc.
dqf.jc.
The Journal Code (JC) is an alpha-numeric
code established by NLM which uniquely identifies every journal indexed
in the NLM databases.
JN, JT
Journal Name [Phrase Indexed]
archives of dermatology.jn.
jama.jn.
The Journal Name (JN) field contains the full name of the journal in which the article was published.
Journal names are indexed as phrases, so enter enough letters of the journal name to locate the name in the index: new engl (for New England Journal of Medicine).
Stopwords such as "of" ARE included in the JN index, but when "the" is the first word of a journal, it has been stripped.
JW
Journal Word [Word Indexed]
obstetrics.jw.
psychology.jw.
The Journal Word (JW) field contains individual words from every journal name in MEDLINE.
Stopwords such as "the" or "of" are
not included. This field is used to retrieve every occurrence of
a journal which includes a particular word, such as "obstetrics".
LG, LA
Language [Phrase Indexed]
fre.lg.
eng.lg.
The Language (LG) field contains the language(s) of publication of an article. The language name will appear in the index as a 3-letter code (such as fre for French); the codes are usually, but not always, the first three letters of the language name.
The language index is quickly scrollable
to determine all languages which appear in MEDLINE.
MS
Molecular Sequence [Phrase Indexed]
gdb-d3s3050.ms.
swissprot-p04324.ms.
The Molecular Sequence (MS) field contains an organizational acronym and the unique identifier that organization has applied to a molecular sequence.
The acronym appears first followed by a hyphen and the unique identifier: genbank-57987.
The Molecular Sequence (MS) field
was added to MEDLINE in 1988.
NO
Grant Number [Phrase Indexed]
1a1 52502.no.
4022.no.
The Grant Numbers (NO) field was created by NLM in 1981 to specify documents reporting on federally-funded research.
Grant or contract numbers are displayed
in full, but special characters except hyphens have been removed from the
index.
OT
Original Title [Word Indexed]
coeur.ot.
communidad.ot.
The Original Title (OT) includes
any non-English titles in the original language. If the original
title was in a non-Roman
alphabet, then the OT is transliterated.
This field is only searchable in the on-line version of MEDLINE.
PB
Publisher [Word Indexed]
chem.pb
nicotine.pb
The Publisher (PB) field contains
publisher information for books, monographs or any non-journal publications.
This information is taken from the source document as it appears, so variant
forms of a publisher
are possible.
This field is usually displayed as
part of the Source (S0) field.
PG
Page (first page no.) [Phrase Indexed]
"44".pg.
"237".pg.
The first page on which an article appears is indexed in the Page (PG) field. Often a journal title combined with the beginning page number is enough to locate a citation.
This field is usually displayed as
part of the Source (SO) field.
PM PubMed Identifier [Phrase Indexed]
10147323.pm.
7824184.pm.
The PubMed Identifier (PM) field
contains the PubMed number first assigned by NLM. This number is another
unique identifier of the records.
PN
Personal Name as Subject [Phrase Indexed]
gallo r$.pn.
zagury d$.pn.
If an article is an interview or obituary, or simply discusses a well-known person, that person's name will appear in the Personal Name As Subject (PN) field.
The format for Personal Name is the
same as for Author -- last name and initials: Koop CE. Enter
a last name and one initial if known.
PT
Publication Type [Phrase Indexed]
bibliography.pt.
review.pt.
In addition to indexing documents
with Medical Subject Headings, the indexers at the National Library of
Medicine assign terms to describe the article type. Publication Type
includes such classifications as review,clinical trial, directory and letter.
These terms appear in the Publication Type (PT) field.
RN, NM
CAS Registry Number [Phrase Indexed]
38404-93-2-5.rn.
ec 1-1-1-101.rn.
The Registry Number (RN) field contains
the Chemical Abstracts Service registry number or Enzyme Commission number
for a compound mentioned in an article. If the generic compound name
could be determined, then it
is also included.
The Registry Number (RN) field was
added to MEDLINE in 1980. Registry numbers appear with hyphens (50-00-0);
EC numbers appear in the format ec 1-1-1-3; and chemical names appear with
all special characters except hyphens removed.
RW
Registry Number Word [Word Indexed]
binding.rw.
enzyme$.rw.
The Registry Word (RW) field contains single words from the registry number field and is used to search portions of chemical names.
The Registry Number (RN) field was
added to MEDLINE in 1980.
SB
Journal Subset [Phrase Indexed]
The MEDLINE database is divided into subsets of journals in four broad categories. These journal subsets appear as codes in the Journal Subset (SB) field. To see the Journal Subset, you should use the Limit to Journal Subset. The following is a list of available subset limits.
Abridged Index Medicus
Aids/HIV Journals (Non Index Medicus)
Biotechnology Journals (Non Index Medicus)
Communication Journals (Non Index Medicus)
Consumer Health Journals (Non Index Medicus)
Dentistry Journals
Foreign Journals
Health Administration Journals (Non Index Medicus)
Health Technology Assessment Journals (Non Index Medicus)
Index Medicus
Nursing Journals
Population Journals (Non Index Medicus)
SH, DE, CT, SW
MeSH Subject Heading [Phrase Indexed]
ulcer.sh.
sarcoma kaposi.sh.
The MeSH Heading (SH) field contains the Medical Subject Headings used by indexers at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to describe the content of an article.
NLM's MeSH terms are organized in a hierarchy, or "tree" structure. You can look up any subject heading using the TOOLS/Tree pull-down menu.
MeSH headings are entered into the
index as phrases and should be searched as they appear in the NLM MeSH
books or in our Tree display.
SO
Source (JN, PB, PG, YR, VO, IP)
baltimore.so.
tennessee medicine.so.
The Source (SO) field includes a
display of all the basic information needed to locate a citation, including
the full Journal Name or Monograph Publisher, the Vol/Issue, pagination
and year of publication.
TI
Title [Word Indexed]
bone.ti.
nursing care.ti.
The Title (TI) field contains the English language version of a title. For documents which were not written in English, the original or transliterated title appears in a separate field, Original Title.
Stopwords such as "of" or "the" will display in documents but do not appear in the Title index. However, the word "a", which is a stopword in other fields CAN be searched in titles.
The title sometimes includes notes,
in brackets, about the article, such as an indication that it is a letter,
editorial, or comment.
TW
Text Word (AB, TI)
diazepam.tw.
squibb.tw.
The Textword (TW) field is an alias for all of the fields in a database which contain text words and which are appropriate for a subject search.
The Textword field in MEDLINE includes
Title (TI) and Abstract (AB).
UI, AN
Unique Identifier [Phrase Indexed]
92349782.ui.
96080055.ui.
The Unique Identifier (UI) field
contains an 8-digit number assigned by MEDLINE to uniquely identify a particular
record. This number is also the one used to locate the document through
NLM's document delivery
service.
VO
Volume [Word Indexed]
"49".vo.
"13".vo.
The Volume (VO) field consists of
the volume and issue of a serial publication. This field is usually
displayed as part of the Source (SO) field.
XM
Exploded MeSH Heading [Phrase Indexed]
"dopamine agents*".xm.
exocrine glands.xm.
MeSH Subject Headings are hierarchical,
with up to twelve levels of narrower terms from the top of a hierarchy.
In order to retrieve a term and all of its narrower terms, a subject heading
must be "exploded", that is, the subject heading and all narrower terms
are "OR'd" together. OVID pre-explodes highly-posted broader terms with
their narrower terms during loading. These pre-exploded MeSH Headings
appear in the XM field.
XS
Exploded Subheading [Phrase Indexed]
ae.xs.
di.xs.
Sometimes multiple MeSH Subheadings can be logically grouped together. Such related groups of subheadings are "pre-exploded" under one broad subheading. This means that all the grouped subheadings can be retrieved together by searching on the "pre-exploded" version of the broad subheading.
The 2-letter codes for the pre-exploded
subheadings appear in the Exploded Subheadings (XS) field.
YR
Year of Publication [Phrase Indexed]
1996.yr.
The Year (YR) field contains the
year in which an article or monograph was published. Only the four
digit year appear in the index.
Abstracts
Command Syntax: ..l/ ab=y
Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to abstracts
Age Groups
Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to infant
limit 1 to adult
Animal/Human
Command Syntax: ..l/1 hu=y
Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to human
limit 1 to animal
Animal Types
Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to cats
limit 1 to rabbits
English Language
Command Syntax: ..l/1 en=y
Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to english
Languages
Command Syntax: ..l/1 lg=fre
Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to french
Female/Male
Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to female
limit 1 to male
Publication Types
Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to journal article
limit 1 to clinical trial
limit 1 to review
Publication Years
Command Syntax: ..l/1 yr=1996
Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to yr=1996
Examples:
Unique Identifier 96382113 Authors Barrett PJ. Emmins PD. Clarke PD. Bradley DJ. Institution Medical Advisory Services for Travellers Abroad, London. Title Comparison of adverse events associated with use of mefloquine and combination of chloroquine and proguanil as antimalarial prophylaxis: postal and telephone survey of travellers. Source BMJ. 313(7056):525-8, 1996 Aug 31. Abbreviated Source BMJ. 313(7056):525-8, 1996 Aug 31. NLM Journal Code bmj Journal Subset A, C Country of Publication England MeSH Subject Headings Adult Antimalarials/ad [Administration & Dosage] *Antimalarials/ae [Adverse Effects] Chloroguanide/ad [Administration & Dosage] *Chloroguanide/ae [Adverse Effects] Chloroquine/ad [Administration & Dosage] *Chloroquine/ae [Adverse Effects] Comparative Study Drug Therapy, Combination Female Great Britain Health Surveys Hospitalization Human *Malaria/pc [Prevention & Control] Male Mefloquine/ad [Administration & Dosage] *Mefloquine/ae [Adverse Effects] *Mental Disorders/ci [Chemically Induced] *Nervous System Diseases/ci [Chemically Induced] Retrospective Studies Support, Non-U.S. Gov't *Travel Treatment Refusal Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency of adverse events, particularly neuropsychiatric effects, from mefloquine and from chloroquine plus proguanil as used for malaria chemoprophylaxis. DESIGN: Retrospective questionnaire to travellers taking either regimen between November 1993 and February 1995; telephone interview with those reporting pronounced side effects. SETTING: Travellers from Britain who consulted an advisory helpline. SUBJECTS: 1214 adults taking mefloquine and 1181 taking chloroquine plus proguanil. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reported presence of and degree of disability from 12 neuropsychiatric and other symptoms, as assessed by the subjects and by referees and on the basis of behaviour change. RESULTS: There were equal rates of any side effects (40%) and of stopping or changing medication. Overall, neuropsychiatric adverse events were significantly more common in travellers taking mefloquine. In all, 333 neuropsychiatric adverse events were reported by 1214 travellers taking mefloquine, compared with 189 such events in 1181 travellers taking proguanil plus chloroquine (P < 0.001). In all, 0.7% of travellers taking mefloquine had disabling neuropsychiatric adverse effects, compared with 0.09% of those taking proguanil plus chloroquine (P = 0.021). Two travellers taking mefloquine (1 in 607) were admitted to hospital as a result of the adverse event, compared with 1 in 1181 travellers taking proguanil plus chloroquine. CONCLUSION: There is a significant excess of adverse neuropsychiatric events of intermediate degrees of severity associated with the use of mefloquine compared with proguanil plus chloroquine. This finding may also explain the discrepant findings between earlier studies and clinical experience. Registry Numbers 0 (Antimalarials). 500-92-5 (Chloroguanide). 53230-10-7 (Mefloquine). 54-05-7 (Chloroquine). ISSN 0959-8138 Publication Type Journal Article. Language English Entry Month 199612. Entry Week: 1996123. Unique Identifier 96362561 Authors Murata K. Araki S. Okajima F. Saito Y. Institution Department of Public Health, University of Tokyo, Japan. Title Subclinical impairment in the median nerve across the carpal tunnel among female VDT operators. Source International Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health. 68(2):75-9, 1996. Abbreviated Source Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 68(2):75-9, 1996. NLM Journal Code gpn Country of Publication Germany MeSH Subject Headings Adult Carpal Tunnel Syndrome/co [Complications] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome/ep [Epidemiology] *Carpal Tunnel Syndrome/pp [Physiopathology] *Computer Terminals Female Hand/pp [Physiopathology] Human *Median Nerve/pp [Physiopathology] Neural Conduction/ph [Physiology] Occupational Diseases/co [Complications] Occupational Diseases/ep [Epidemiology] *Occupational Diseases/pp [Physiopathology] Prevalence Skin Temperature Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Abstract Sensory nerve conduction velocities in the palm-to-finger (SCV-pf), wrist-to-finger (SCV-wf), wrist-to-palm (SCV-wp), and wrist-to-elbow (SCV-we) segments and the distribution of nerve conduction velocities in the right median nerve were determined among 27 female operators aged 19-37 and 19 healthy women (controls) aged 19-31 to estimate the prevalence of subclinical carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Also, the WF/PF ratio, dividing the SCV-wf by the SCV-pf, was calculated to assess abnormalities of nerve conduction within the carpal tunnel. The operators were engaged in data entry in front of a visual display terminal (VDT) for about 6 h/day, and their working duration was between 1 and 17 (mean 6) years. The SCV-wf, SCV-wp, and WF/PF ratio in the operators were significantly lower than those in the controls. The rate of persons with the WF/PF ratio of less than 90%, i.e., below normal limits in the 19 controls, was significantly higher in the operator group (37%) than in the control group (0%). The operators complained of more symptoms related to CTS than did the controls, but any symptoms were not associated with slowing of nerve conduction velocities in the operators. In the controls, the WF/PF ratio was not closely correlated with skin temperature or age despite the presence of significant relations between skin temperature and the SCV-wf, SCV-pf, and SCV-wp; the interpersonal variability of the WF/PF ratio was much smaller than that of all SCVs. In the light of the present and previous studies, the rate of VDT operators with subclinical CTS seems to be high, independent of its symptoms. Also, the WF/PF ratio will be a useful and reliable screening method for the early detection of CTS due to repetitive wrist and finger movements involved in work. ISSN 0340-0131 Publication Type Journal Article. Language English Entry Month 199612. Entry Week: 1996124.
The following use of data from MEDLINE, AIDSLINE, BIOETHICSLINE and HEALTHSTAR requires no written permission from or signed licence agreement with NLM:
Users may download small amounts of data, e.g., the bibliographic citation and MeSH terms, for a small number of citations from the databases listed above for redistribution either via a printed publication or in electronic form using the Internet, World Wide Web, etc. Downloading from a MEDLARS licensee, such as OVID is subject to the licensee's approval.
Definitions:
1. Download includes ftping results of an online search, arranging for the results of an automatic stored search to be available for ftp, ftping MEDLARS data from the NLM server (nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov), or a traditional download using a modem.
2. Small is defined as approximately 1,000 records per month from MEDLINE; 12,000 per year. Retrospective pulls of MEDLINE may include up to approximately 12,000 records for each year covered. For other MEDLARS databases, fewer than 25% of records in the file may be downloaded. For larger portions of a MEDLARS database, contact Janer@nlm.nuh.gov or 301-496-7706 for licensing information.
3. Data is defined as bibliographic citations and MeSH terms. This document grants permission to download only the bibliographic citations and MeSH terms, it does not cover author abstracts from the journals which are included in MEDLINE and other MEDLARS databases. Users should obtain an opinion from their legal counsel for any use they plan for the author-generated abstracts in the MEDLARS database.
Terms and Conditions:
Users must ensure that all downloaded publicly accessable data stored in electronic form for over one year must be in compliance with the following provisions of the NLM license agreement:
A. Users of this data must be provided a clear description of how the product/service was derived, indicating the currency and the source database.
B. At least annually, the data downloaded must be corrected to incorporate the corrections NLM has made to these records during the year and in year end maintenance. MEDLARS data in any subsequently produced product/service must be carefully checked with that maintained on NLM's version of the database at the end of each calender year and corrections made.
C. Users are advised to consult legal counsel to ensure compliance with intellectual property laws. NLM cannot provide advice about copyright issues.
D. Since NLM goes to considerable efforts to assign MeSH terms, it prefers that these be retained as assigned by the indexers.
E. All downloaded NLM records (or portions thereof) must be labeled so as to identify NLM as the source.
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Updated 26 September 2001